Research on child abuse has shown that children develop self-esteem through regular interactions with whom?

Children develop self-esteem primarily through consistent and supportive interactions with their parents. Parents play a crucial role in shaping a child's sense of self-worth from an early age. They provide the foundation for emotional security, validation, and unconditional love, which are essential for positive self-esteem. Through positive reinforcement, guidance, and nurturing relationships, parents help children navigate challenges and build resilience.

While teachers, peers, and community members also contribute to a child's self-esteem, the foundational influence of parents is typically more profound during the formative years. Teachers can foster a supportive learning environment, friends can offer social acceptance, and community members can provide additional support, but the primary development of self-esteem often originates in the familial context.